The Therapeutic Mechanisms of Shenyan Oral Liquid I Against Chronic Kidney Disease Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) leads to structural and functional abnormalities of the kidneys and seriously jeopardizes human health. Shenyan Oral Liquid (SOLI), a Chinese medicinal preparation, has been reported to protect podocytes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanism of action of the Chinese medicinal preparation Senyan Oral Liquid (SOLI) in the treatment of CKD by protecting podocytes through network pharmacology technology and experimental validation. METHODS: Compounds of SOLI and targets of CKD disease were collected and screened. The SOLI network of bioactive compounds targeting CKD and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were constructed using Cytoscape software and the STRING online database. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed using the R software Cluster Profiler package. Molecular docking was performed using Autodock software to verify the binding ability of bioactive compounds and target genes. Subsequently, the potential mechanism of SOLI on CKD predicted by network pharmacological analysis was experimentally studied and verified in an adriamycin-induced nephropathy rat model. RESULTS: A total of 81 targets of SOLI components acting on CKD were identified. The results of the PPI analysis clarified that five key target genes (TNF, AKT1, IL6, VEGFA, and TP53) play a critical role in the treatment of CKD by SOLI. The GO analysis and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that SOLI acts through multiple pathways, including the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway against CKD. Molecular docking showed that the main compounds of SOLI and five key genes had strong binding affinity. In a rat model of adriamycin-induced nephropathy, SOLI significantly ameliorated disease symptoms and improved renal histopathology. Mechanistic studies showed that SOLI upregulated the expression level of Nephrin, inhibited the PI3K/AKT pathway in renal tissues, and ultimately suppressed the activation of autophagy-related proteins in CKD. CONCLUSION: SOLI exerted a renoprotective effect by regulating the Nephrin-PI3K/AKT autophagy signaling pathway, and these findings provide new ideas for the development of SOLI-based therapeutic approaches for CKD.

Risk-based merging decisions for autonomous vehicles.

INTRODUCTION: The safe freeway merging operation for fully Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) in mixed traffic (i.e., the presence of AVs and non-AVs in a traffic stream) is a challenging task. Under a mixed traffic environment, an AV merging operation could significantly increase conflict risks and reduce operational efficiency. METHOD: This study quantifies the freeway merging conflict risk and develops a freeway merging decision strategy based on conflict risk assessment for an AV attempting to merge to a traffic stream with non-AVs on the freeway. The performance of the risk-based merging decision strategy is evaluated in uncongested, near-congested, and congested traffic conditions. RESULTS: The analyses show that the risk-based merging strategy causes less abrupt deceleration of an AV's immediate upstream vehicle in the target lane on the freeway compared to the based models (i.e., two models based on gap acceptance concepts and a safe gap model based on a surrogate measure, 'Time-to-Collision (TTC)'). The risk-based merging strategy meets the minimum safe gap between an AV intending to merge and its immediate downstream vehicle in the target lane. The risk-based merging strategy produces lower conflict risk in terms of 'Time Exposed Time-to-Collision (TET)' and 'Time Integrated Time-to-Collision (TIT)' compared to the base models. Moreover, the risk-based merging strategy has a lower impact on the average speed of traffic in the target lane compared to the base models considered in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The risk-based merging strategy shows higher safety benefits for an AV's merging operation compared to base models. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The findings of this research would help design AV controllers for improving the safety of an AV merging operation in a mixed traffic stream.

Dietary Factors and the Risk of Gastric Cancer in Hanzhong Area of China.

Background: Dietary factors play an important role in gastric cancer risk. They have not been investigated extensively in Hanzhong area, China. Methods: We conducted a population-based case-control study of gastric cancer in Hanzhong area, China in 2018-2020. A total of 121 patients with historically confirmed gastric adenocarcinomas were interviewed. Controls were an age-stratified random sample of residents of Hanzhong area. The dietary questionnaire was a 70-item semiquantitative food frequency adapted for the Hanzhong diet. Odds ratios were calculated for quartiles of consumption of food groups and were adjusted for age, gender, calories, chili pepper intake, cigarette smoking, socioeconomic status, added salt, and history of peptic ulcer disease. Results: There was approximately a threefold increased risk of gastric cancer for frequent consumption (highest quartile) of both fresh meat (odds ratio (OR) = 3.0) and processed meat (OR = 3.3). Odds ratios were also significantly elevated for frequent consumption of dairy products (OR = 3.1) and fish (OR = 3.1). The authors observed a decreasing gradient of risk with increasing frequency of vegetable consumption due to a significant inverse trend for the yellow and orange vegetables. Conclusion: High intake of citrus fruits showed a slight inverse association. These findings are consistent with many studies around the world that indicate important roles for salt, processed meats, and vegetable consumption in gastric cancer risk.

Investigating the impacts of crash prediction models on quantifying safety effectiveness of Adaptive Signal Control Systems.

INTRODUCTION: Adaptive Signal Control System (ASCS) can improve both operational and safety benefits at signalized corridors. METHODS: This paper develops a series of models accounting for model forms and possible predictors and implements these models in Empirical Bayes (EB) and Fully Bayesian (FB) frameworks for ASCS safety evaluation studies. Different models are validated in terms of the ability to reduce the potential bias and variance of prediction and improve the safety effectiveness estimation accuracy using real-world crash data from non-ASCS sites. This paper then develops the safety effectiveness of ASCS at six different corridors with a total of 65 signalized intersections with the same type of ASCS, in South Carolina. RESULTS: Validation results show that the FB model that accounts for traffic volume, roadway geometric features, year factor, and spatial effects shows the best performance among all models. The study findings reveal that ASCS reduces crash frequencies in the total crash, fatal and injury crash, and angle crash for most of the intersections. The safety effectiveness of ASCS varies with different intersection features (i.e., AADT at major streets, number of legs at an intersection, the number of through lanes on major streets, the number of access points on minor streets, and the speed limit at major streets). CONCLUSIONS: ASCS is associated with crash reductions, and its safety effects vary with different intersection features. Practical Applications: The findings of this research encourage more ASCS deployments and provide insights into selecting ASCS deployment sites for reducing crashes considering the variation of the safety effectiveness of ASCS.

Assessing the likelihood of secondary crashes on freeways with Adaptive Signal Control System deployed on alternate routes.

INTRODUCTION: Reducing the likelihood of freeway secondary crashes will provide significant safety, operational and environmental benefits. This paper presents a method for assessing the likelihood of freeway secondary crashes with Adaptive Signal Control Systems (ASCS) deployed on alternate routes that are typically used by diverted freeway traffic to avoid any delay or congestion due to a freeway primary crash. METHOD: The method includes four steps: (1) identification of secondary crashes, (2) verification of alternate routes, (3) assessment of the likelihood of secondary crashes for freeways with ASCS deployed on alternate routes and non-ASCS (i.e. pre-timed, semi- or fully-actuated) alternate routes, and (4) investigation of unobserved heterogeneity of the likelihood of freeway secondary crashes. Four freeway sections (i.e., two with ASCS deployed on alternate routes and two non-ASCS alternate routes) in South Carolina are considered. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Findings from the logistic regression modeling reveal significant reduction in the likelihood of secondary crashes for one freeway section (i.e., Charleston I-26 E) with ASCS deployed on alternate route. Other factors such as rear-end crash, dark or limited light, peak period, and annual average daily traffic contribute to the likelihood of freeway secondary crashes. Furthermore, random-parameter logistic regression model results for Charleston I-26 E reveal that unobserved heterogeneity of ASCS effect exists across the observations and ASCS are associated with the reduction of the likelihood of freeway secondary crashes for 84% of the observations (i.e., primary crashes). Location of the primary crash on the freeway is observed to affect the benefit of ASCS toward freeway secondary crash reduction as the primary crash's location determines how many upstream freeway vehicles will be able to take the alternate route. Practical Applications: Based on the findings, it is recommended that the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) considers deploying ASCS on alternate routes parallel to freeway sections where high percentages of secondary crashes are found.

Investigating hierarchical effects of adaptive signal control system on crash severity using random-parameter ordered regression models incorporating observed heterogeneity.

By handling conflicting traffic movements and establishing dynamic coordination between intersections in real-time, the Adaptive Signal Control System (ASCS) can potentially improve the operation and safety of signalized intersections on a corridor. This study identifies the hierarchical effects of ASCS on the crash severity by exploring the heterogeneous effect of ASCS on the crash severity. Four different random-parameter ordered regression models (two ordered probit models, and two ordered logit models) are developed and compared. The analysis reveals that the random-parameter ordered probit and logit models (ROP and ROL) with observed heterogeneity perform better than the random-parameter ordered probit and logit models (RP and RL) without observed heterogeneity in terms of the Akaike information criteria and the goodness of fit of the model. The ROP model performs better than the ROL model in terms of classification model performance measures. The ROP model enables parameters (i.e., the coefficients of the explanatory variables) to vary as a function of explanatory variables as well as across observations, thus accounting for both observed (captured by available explanatory variables) and unobserved (not captured by available explanatory variables) heterogeneity. The analysis reveals that the presence of ASCS is associated with lower crash severity. In this study, observed heterogeneity of ASCS effects on the crash severity is captured by variables related to the intersection and corridor features. Other contributing factors besides ASCS, such as annual average daily traffic, speed limit, lighting, peak period, crash type (rear-end, angle), and pedestrian involvements, are also associated with the probability of crash severity. Unobserved heterogeneity of the effect of angle crash type on the crash severity is found to exist across the observations. The findings of this research have practical implications for establishing ASCS implementation guidelines in lowering the probability of higher crash severity.

An UPLC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Quantification of the Components of Shenyanyihao Oral Solution in Rat Plasma.

OBJECTIVES: To study the quantification of the components in rat plasma after oral administration of Shenyanyihao oral solution. METHODS: Shenyanyihao oral solution has been traditionally used for the treatments of chronic nephritis in clinics. Stachydrine, Danshensu, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, plantamajoside, aesculetin, isoquercitrin, ferulic acid, baicalin, and baicalein are regarded as the main compounds in Shenyanyihao oral solution. A sensitive, efficient, and precise UPLC-MS/MS method was established and validated for the quantification of the components in rat plasma after oral administration of Shenyanyihao oral solution. RESULTS: The main pharmacokinetic parameters of the components were acquired based on the analysis of the plasma sample by a noncompartmental method using the WinNonlin7.0 pharmacokinetic program. Danshensu, protocatechuic acid, isoquercitrin, and ferulic acid from Shenyanyihao oral solution were quickly absorbed, and their peak concentration occurred at less than 0.5 h. The pharmacokinetic parameter of the average t 1/2 from Danshensu was 3.91 h in rats, and it was the most rapid distribution and elimination among the components. In addition, the C max of stachydrine and baicalin were revealed as the higher plasma concentrations in rats. CONCLUSIONS: This pharmacokinetic study seems to be useful for a further clinical study of Shenyanyihao oral solution in the treatments of chronic nephritis.

Temperature effects on meristem differentiation and flowering date in tuberose (Agave amica L.).

Tuberose is an ornamental plant of economic importance produced worldwide due to the elegant shape and fragrant flowers. Despite its commercial importance, one of the limitations of tuberose production is control of flowering time, which has not been determined at present. In our research, the flowering time has been evaluated in corms of Agave amica cv. Double, during two production cycles (2017 and 2018) using different times of storage of the corms (4, 5, 6 and 7 weeks) at variable temperatures (4 °C, 12 °C, 27 °C, RT). Also, we studied the development of the corms to determine which changes occur in the meristem during floral transition and how the flower quality is affected. The results showed that meristematic differentiation occurred 30-45 days after establishment (DAE) in both culture cycles, although there was no temperature treatment that clearly affected the meristem growth. However, some floral characters were affected, the earliest sprouting occurred in the treatment of six and seven weeks of storage at 27 °C at 20 DAE in 2017 and 10 DAE in 2018, respectively. In addition, the shortest time to flowering occurred in the treatment of seven weeks of storage at 27 °C at 79 days in 2017 and at 100.6 days in 2018, a value that is 30 days earlier than that obtained with the treatments of six weeks of storage at 12 °C, which delayed meristem transition, sprouting and flowering time. In contrast, treatments at 4 °C and GA3 were not statically different from the control in both years.

Annular arrayed-Airy beams carrying vortex arrays.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate annular arrayed-Airy beams (AAABs) carrying vortex arrays by combining multiple beams. The propagation dynamics and abrupt autofocusing property are studied. The focal intensity can be greatly increased by two orders of magnitude by increasing vortex array number. Furthermore, the autofocusing property is also enhanced significantly. This tightly autofocusing property would be advantageous for the generation of high intensity laser, optical manipulation, medical treatments, and nonlinear effects.

Protein changes in gastric epithelial cells RGM-1 in response to Helicobacter pylori infection.

Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation significantly increases the risk of gastric cancer. To investigate the role of H. pylori infection in gastric epithelial cell carcinogenesis, flow cytometry was used to analyze the apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells infected by H. pylori. Next, LTQ MS mass spectrometry (MS) was applied to identify protein changes in gastric epithelial cells infected with H. pylori, and then bioinformatics was adopted to analyze the cellular localization and biological function of differential proteins. LTQ MS/MS successfully identified identified 22 differential proteins successfully, including 20 host-cell proteins and two H. pylori bacterial proteins. Also, human proteins were located in all areas of cells and involved in various cell biological functions. The oncogene proteins p53, p16, and C-erbB-2 proteins in H. pylori-infected RGM-1 cells were remarkably increased from the analysis by Western blot analysis. H. pylori infection of gastric epithelial cells leads to changes in various protein components in the cell, and enhances the expression of oncogene proteins, thereby increasing the possibility of possibility of carcinogenesis of H. pylori infection.

Zishenwan Decreases Kidney Damage in Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection through the Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signal.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the mechanism of the protective effect of Zishenwan on pyelonephritis rats. METHODS: In the rat model of pyelonephritis, protective effects of Zishenwan, the content of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIg A), and interleukins were detected by ELISA. The expressions of TLR4-NFκB pathway were detected by Western blot in renal and urinary tract mucosa. The protective effect and influence on TLR4-NFκB pathway of Zishenwan were studied. RESULTS: Zishenwan protected rats from pyelonephritis which related to the increase of SIgA, the regulation of interleukins, and the inhibition of TLR4-NFκB pathway. Serum containing Zishenwan can significantly decrease LPS-induced expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NFκB in vitro. And the inhibition of TLR4 signal by Zishenwan related to the degradation of TRAF3 and TRAF6. CONCLUSIONS: Zishenwan protected rats from urinary tract infection by clearance of bacteria and decrease of tissue damage. 20S proteasomes mediated the degradation of TRAF3 which is important to the decrease of tissue damage from Zishenwan.

Effects of vitamin D on apoptosis of T-lymphocyte subsets in neonatal sepsis.

Effect of vitamin D on apoptosis of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets in treatment of neonatal sepsis was investigated. A total of 150 neonatal patients with sepsis were randomly divided into vitamin D treatment group (observation group) and treatment control group, while 100 healthy newborns were selected as healthy control group. T-lymphocyte subsets were detected by flow cytometer, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 and calcitonin were determined by double-antibody immunoluminometric assay, and the effect of vitamin D on the above indicators in the treatment of sepsis was observed. Serum 25(OH)D (22.52±5.56 mg/l) in the treatment group was obviously increased compared with that in the treatment group (14.85±6.14 mg/l) (P<0.05), but the levels in the two groups were remarkably lower than that in the normal control group (26.38±6.56 mg/l), and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4+) T-lymphocyte subset in sepsis patients was obviously reduced compared with that in the healthy control group (P<0.01); the difference in comparison of CD8+ T-lymphocyte subset between sepsis patients and healthy people was not statistically significant (P>0.05). After treatment for 72 h, CD4+ T-lymphocytes were increased, and the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ was close to 1, suggesting that the effect was superior to that in the treatment control group. The inflammatory factor levels in children with sepsis were evidently higher than those in the healthy control group (P<0.01), and high-level states of inflammatory factors were significantly improved after treatment with vitamin D for 72 h, indicating that the effect was superior to that in the treatment group. The results indicated that the prognosis of sepsis patients treated with vitamin D is improved, and the mechanism may be achieved by regulating T-lymphocyte subsets and inflammatory factors.

Fixed-pattern noise correction method based on improved moment matching for a TDI CMOS image sensor.

In this paper, an improved moment matching method based on a spatial correlation filter (SCF) and bilateral filter (BF) is proposed to correct the fixed-pattern noise (FPN) of a time-delay-integration CMOS image sensor (TDI-CIS). First, the values of row FPN (RFPN) and column FPN (CFPN) are estimated and added to the original image through SCF and BF, respectively. Then the filtered image will be processed by an improved moment matching method with a moving window. Experimental results based on a 128-stage TDI-CIS show that, after correcting the FPN in the image captured under uniform illumination, the standard deviation of row mean vector (SDRMV) decreases from 5.6761 LSB to 0.1948 LSB, while the standard deviation of the column mean vector (SDCMV) decreases from 15.2005 LSB to 13.1949LSB. In addition, for different images captured by different TDI-CISs, the average decrease of SDRMV and SDCMV is 5.4922/2.0357 LSB, respectively. Comparative experimental results indicate that the proposed method can effectively correct the FPNs of different TDI-CISs while maintaining image details without any auxiliary equipment.

MicroRNA-135a is up-regulated and aggravates myocardial depression in sepsis via regulating p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway.

MicroRNA-135a (miR-135a) is implicated in the pathological processes of several cancers. However, the roles and regulatory mechanism of miR-135a in sepsis-induced myocardial depression (MD) remain largely unknown. In this study, the serum of patients with sepsis and healthy controls was obtained. The miR-135a expression was then measured. Then lentiviruses (miR-135a mimic, inhibitor and scramble control) were transfected into BALB/c mice. After 4days of transfection, polymicrobial sepsis model was established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. The serum tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and IL-6 were detected. Cardiac function was assessed. In addition, the protein expressions of p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway-related proteins were determined. Besides, SB203580 and JSH-23, the inhibitors of p38 MAPK and NF-κB respectively, were used to treat the isolated ventricular myocytes in vitro. MiR-135a was significantly up-regulated in the serum of patients with sepsis. In comparison with CLP group, the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 and the expressions of p-p38 and p-p65 in CLP+miR-135a mimic group were significantly increased, while markedly decreased in CLP+miR-135a inhibitor group. Moreover, EF, FS, LVdP/dt (max), LVdP/dt (min) and LVDP of CLP+miR-135a mimic group were all significantly decreased, while markedly increased in CLP+miR-135a inhibitor group. Besides, the increased expressions of p-p38 and p-p65, decreased expression of p-IKBα and the decreased percentage of contraction amplitude in miR-135a mimic group were markedly reversed by SB203580 or JSH-23 treatments. Up-regulation of miR-135a could aggravate sepsis-induced inflammation and myocardial dysfunction via activation of p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway.

Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease.

INTRODUCTION: The accumulation of unfolded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) initiates an unfolded protein response (UPR) via three signal transduction cascades, which involve protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α) and activating transcription factor-6α (ATF6α). An ER stress response is observed in nearly all physiologies related to acute and chronic liver disease and therapeutic targeting of the mechanisms implicated in UPR signaling have attracted considerable attention. AREAS COVERED: This review focuses on the correlation between ER stress and liver disease and the possible targets which may drive the potential for novel therapeutic intervention. Expert Commentary: We describe pathways which are involved in UPR signaling and their potential correlation with various liver diseases and underlying mechanisms which may present opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies are discussed.

A Fixed-Pattern Noise Correction Method Based on Gray Value Compensation for TDI CMOS Image Sensor.

In order to eliminate the fixed-pattern noise (FPN) in the output image of time-delay-integration CMOS image sensor (TDI-CIS), a FPN correction method based on gray value compensation is proposed. One hundred images are first captured under uniform illumination. Then, row FPN (RFPN) and column FPN (CFPN) are estimated based on the row-mean vector and column-mean vector of all collected images, respectively. Finally, RFPN are corrected by adding the estimated RFPN gray value to the original gray values of pixels in the corresponding row, and CFPN are corrected by subtracting the estimated CFPN gray value from the original gray values of pixels in the corresponding column. Experimental results based on a 128-stage TDI-CIS show that, after correcting the FPN in the image captured under uniform illumination with the proposed method, the standard-deviation of row-mean vector decreases from 5.6798 to 0.4214 LSB, and the standard-deviation of column-mean vector decreases from 15.2080 to 13.4623 LSB. Both kinds of FPN in the real images captured by TDI-CIS are eliminated effectively with the proposed method.

Job burnout and organizational justice among medical interns in Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

BACKGROUND: New challenges are occurring in the medical education in Mainland China, and the main risk is the loss of excellent physician candidates. This is due to lack of respect; a large, strong labor force; relatively low remuneration; unstable relationships between patients and doctors; pressures from the public media; and the possible existence of organizational injustice within the hospital. The study reported here looked at one of the in-hospital risks, psychological job burnout and organizational justice, to identify the possible internal cause-effect relationship at the two major general hospitals both affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the reported study was to analyze the related factors associated with job burnout in Chinese medical interns in Shanghai and to provide some suggestions to better their occupational development. METHODS: A total of 135 medical interns were investigated and assessed by the Organizational Justice Scale and the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant negative correlation between organizational justice and job burnout (r=-0.298, P=0.000), suggesting the existence of job burnout among the participant interns. In particular, emotional exhaustion and cynicism were statistically more significant; the comparison between the N group (from Nanjing) and S group (Shanghai) showed significant difference in participation and reduced professional efficacy (P<0.05), with reduced professional efficacy in N group more significant than in S group, and participation in S group more significant than in N group. CONCLUSION: Job burnout existed among Chinese medical interns, and was associated with fewer complaints and lower professional efficacy. Organizational justice should be promoted more, and school authorities should pay more attention to outside "non-home" interns. Finally, it is essential that the medical interns themselves establish reasonable judgment of their valuable profession.

Y chromosome interstitial deletion induced Y-STR allele dropout in AMELY-negative individuals.

Short tandem repeat (STR) multiplexes with the amelogenin (AMEL) gene as a gender marker have been used as a routine tool of forensic DNA analysis. It has been reported that AMEL-based gender detection could misidentify a known male as a female due to the dropout of amelogenin Y (AMELY) allele. Other gender markers, such as Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR), may be a substitution of AMEL and help the sex determination. In current study, employing AmpFlSTR® Sinofiler and AmpFlSTR® Y-filer™ PCR Amplification kit, 18 AMELY-negative males were identified. Accordingly, the incidence of the AMELY dropout was 0.227 ‰ (18/79,304) in Chinese population. Sequencing of AMELY allele and analyzing of azoospermia factors region suggested that 3 out of 18 misidentifications were induced by mutations in the primer-binding region of the AMELY, while other 15 sex misidentifications were results of Y chromosome microdeletions with variant lengths. Moreover, variant combination patterns of AMELY dropout and Y-STRs deletions were also observed. Our data suggested that Y-STR locus dropout may indicate more problems, especially in the mixed sample's interpretation. Results of haplogroup prediction showed that seven AMELY dropouts combined with variant Y-STR deletions can be classified as the J2 subdivision, suggesting that some of these Y chromosomes might descend from a common ancestor.

Real-time image deblurring by optoelectronic hybrid processing.

An efficient approach is presented to restore a motion-blurred image in real time by optoelectronic hybrid processing, by which an image motion vector can be effectively detected and an accurate point spread function is constructed rapidly. A simple Wiener filter algorithm is employed to restore the blurred image. It greatly alleviates the complexity of the restoration algorithm. The proposed approach can apply to arbitrary motion-blurred image restoration. An optoelectronic hybrid joint transform correlation is constructed to verify the efficiency. The experimental results show that the proposed method has distinct advantages of preferable effect and good real time.

Phase extraction from randomly phase-shifted interferograms by combining principal component analysis and least squares method.

A method combining the principal component analysis (PCA) and the least squares method (LSM) is proposed to extract the phase from interferograms with random phase shifts. The method estimates the initial phase by PCA, and then determines the correct global phase sign and reduces the residual phase error by LSM. Some factors that may influence the performance of the proposed method are analyzed and discussed, such as the number of frames used, the number of fringes in interferogram and the amplitude of random phase shifts. Numerical simulations and optical experiments are implemented to verify the effectiveness of this method. The proposed method is suitable for randomly phase-shifted interferograms.